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Black History Month

Nat King Cole Singer and jazz pianist (1919-1965) Nat King Cole learned to play the piano when he was very young. His mother was the only piano teacher that he ever had. His first public performance was at the age of four and when he was in Kindergarten, he played for the other children. Nat regularly played in his father’s church from the age of 11 and was an accomplished pianist by the age of 12. He formed his first jazz band when he was in high school. One day Nat asked if their family was poor. His mother answered “Yes.” Then he asked, “Are we poor, poor, poor.” This time she answered, “Yes we are.” Then Nat said a very strange thing, “One day my name will be up in lights and we won’t be poor anymore.” Nat’s early career was mainly as a pianist, he played in a trio with one of his brothers. The trio did not have a drummer because Nat’s piano play kept rhythm so well. By the time Nat was 20; his music was known in every beer joint in L.A. One night Nat was playing in a pub and one of his listeners asked him to sing? Nat didn’t want to until his boss said he’d better. Nat then became well known as a singer. He sold over 50 million records. He was one of the first people to make records with the company called “Capitol Records.” He sold so many records, that the company headquarters was often referred to as “The House that Nat Built.” He was once invited to play for President Kennedy, and the President in return, attended Natalie Cole’s debutante ball. Nat was the first black man to have his own radio show and later his own T.V. show. In 1946, Nat started doing a radio show every week. He would play for half an hour on Saturday afternoon, from whatever town he was doing concerts in. The radio show lasted for 4 years. In October 1956, Nat started his own TV show. It was probably the first serious attempt by a T.V. Station to have a Negro as a show’s host. It was very popular, but businesses were afraid that white southern audiences would stop buying their products if they advertised during the show. Nat also appeared in quite a few movies. The best known of these is “St Louis Blues” in which he played the role of the jazz composer, W.C. Handy. He also appeared in a film about himself called “The Nat King Cole Story.” Nat met Maria Ellington in 1946, and married her on the 28, of March 1948. Maria was a singer. She was not related to Duke Ellington, although she sang in his band for a while. Some years after Nat’s death, she put together a show of her own, which premiered in Australia. Nat died in 1965, of lung cancer.

One must understand that times were much, much different and harder for Black People, dating back to and beyond ‘AMERICA’ becoming a new world. To this day there are so many black people who are lost and confused because they were oppressed & don’t know the reason why! The meaning of the word ‘Oppression’ is:

1. Dominate Harshly - to subject a person or a people to a harsh or cruel form of domination.
2. Inflict Stress on - to be a source of worry, stress, or trouble to somebody.

Many Black People to this very day only know how to pass down oppression from generation to generation; whereas their counterparts…White People (Caucasian People) have always passed down a better quality of life from generation to generation. But, I have found throughout my living here on earth…in order for anyone to know, see and to pass down to the next generation a better way of living, no-matter who they may be, they should have ‘GOD’ in their Life!

By: Reginald Poe Carelock

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Black History Month

Mae C. Jemison Astronaut, physician (1956-) Mae C. Jemison blasted into orbit aboard the space shuttle “Endeavour,” September 12, 1992, as the first woman of color to go into space. Now, founder and president of a small advanced technology company and college professor, the space flight was just one of a series of accomplishments for this dynamic woman. Dr. Jemison served as a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut for six years. As the science mission specialist on the STS-47 Spacelab J flight, a US/Japan joint mission, she conducted experiments in life sciences, material sciences, and was a co-investigator of the Bone Cell Research experiment. Dr. Jemison resigned from NASA in March 1993. Dr. Jemison’s current work focuses on the beneficial integration of science and technology into our everyday lives for all on this planet. To pursue these ideas, she formed The Jemison Group, Inc. Company projects have included consulting on the design and implementation of solar thermal electricity generation systems for developing countries and remote areas and the use of satellite-based telecommunications to facilitate health care delivery in West Africa.

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Black History Month

Kwame Toure (Stokley Carmichael) Civil Rights leader (1941-1998) “If one man, one woman could free the people, I would have done it a long time ago. The people can only be freed by their own conscious actions.” These were the words often used by the late Kwame Toure formerly known as Stokely Carmichael. The historical significance of Ture rests in his long-term and on-going work for the liberation of African people. In addition, he linked this historic struggle to the larger struggle for human liberation as a whole, without compromising either. Born in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad on June 24, 1941, Toure migrated to the US, at the age of 11 years, to join his parents who had migrated earlier to New York City. After graduating from the Bronx High school of Science, he entered Howard University in Washington, D.C. Where he became active in the civil rights organizations. He received his B.A. degree in 1964 with a double major in philosophy and sociology, thereafter dedicating his life and works to the struggle for the liberation of African peoples. Emerging in the 60’s as an organizer for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Toure was elected national chairman in May 1966. Toure epitomized the challenges and struggles of the Civil Rights Movement. His work of over three decades mirrored the three major phases of the Black Liberation Movement, Civil Rights, Black Power and Pan Africanism. A freedom march in Mississippi in 1966 heralded one of his major contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. It was his call for “Black Power.” These words ignited the black masses. A freedom march in Mississippi in 1966 heralded one of his major contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. It was his call for “Black Power.” These words ignited the black masses, scared The white population, and were wedged in the American consciousness for several years. After a period of organizing and activism, Toure moved to a more radical pre-revolutionary position. He resigned from SNCC and joined the Black Panther Party. He was named honorary Prime Minister of the Panthers. In 1969, Toure resigned from the party and declared himself a Pan-Africanist whose mission it was to rage unrelenting war against “the White Western Empire.” He migrated to Guinea where he changed his name to Kwame Toure in honor of Kwame Nkrumah and Ahmed Sekou Toure, two African leaders who had a great impact on his life. In the 1970s, he traveled frequently, speaking on Nkrumah’s behalf and sparking controversy through his highly charged remarks about white western imperialism on American College campuses. He represented the All African Peoples Revolutionary Party (AAPRP) founded by Kwame Nkrumah. Ture was diagnosed with cancer in 1996, but continued his mission for the AAPRP. Civil rights leader, Jesse Jackson, on a recent visit to Africa met with Kwame Toure. Jackson said that Toure was a man who “rang the freedom bell in this century.” Jackson also said that Ture “knew he had made a contribution to the hope we now share, having helped defeat legal segregation in the United States and colonialism in Africa.” The currents that shaped Kwame Toure run deep. One of his many legacies was his undying love for his people, a belief in their potential and his commitment to work and struggle to empower them to take control of their destiny and daily lives. Toure was twice married to Africa women, first to South African siner Miriam Makebab. They divorce and he later married Marlyatou Barry, a Guinean doctor who now lives in Arlington, Virginia, and from whom he was also divorced. Two sons, his moter and sister, survive him.

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Black History Month

Sammy Davis, Jr. Entertainer (1925-1990) Born in Harlem, New York to black vaudeville star Sammy Davis, Sr., and the Puerto Rican dancer, Elvera “Baby” Sanchez. When he was two, Davis’s parents divorced, and he was raised by his father. A multitalented performer, Davis recorded forty albums and made countless film, television and Las Vegas appearances in his lifetime. Davis began his career in vaudeville, tap dancing and singing at the age of four with his adopted uncle in an act they called “Will Mastin’s Gang, featuring Little Sammy.” When authorities threatened to close down the act due to child labor laws, Mastin gave the tiny Davis a cigar to hold and billed him as “Silent Sam, the Dancing Midget.” Davis made his film debut buy tap dancing in the 1932 short, “Rufus Jones For President.” After continuing to perorm with Mastin throughout the 1930s, at age eighteen Davis was drafted and served in the Special Services in World War II. When the war ended, he resumed dancing with what was now the Will Mastin Trio, after Davis’s father joined the troupe. In 1946, Davis recorded “The Way You Look Tonight” for Capitol Records, which was chosen by “Metronome” magazine as Record of the Year. In the late 1940s, Davis (still with the Will Mastin Trio) opened for Frank Sinatra at the Capitol Theatre in New York, which ignited a friendship that would last a lifetime. He toured for six months with Mickey Rooney and performed in a Bob Hope benefit show. Through Jack Benny, the trio won a booking at Ciro’s in Hollywood and an appearance on the “Colgate Comedy Hour.” After an appearance at the Copacabana in New York, Decca Records signed Davis in 1954 and released his first albums, “starring Sammy Davis,” Jr., and “Just for Lovers.” The 1950s brought Davis into the spotlight for both personal and professional reasons. In 1954, he made headlines when he lost his left eye in a near-fatal car crash while driving back to Los Angeles from Las Vegas. During his recovery in the hospital, he converted to Judaism, which was bruited about by the press. Davis continued treading on socially-controversial ground by carrying on a series of interracial romances, most notably with actress Kim Novak, and with the Swedish actress May Britt, whom he married in 1960. But even in these racially backward times, Davis came into his own on a professional level. He debuted on Broadway in 1956 with the Will Mastin Trio in the musical comedy “Mr. Wonderful.” He began making solo appearances on television, including “The Ed Sullivan Show,” In 1959, he resumed his film career in a breakthrough role as Sportin’ Life in “Porgy and Bess” (1959). In the early 1960s, he appeared with his “Rat Pack” cohorts Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford in a series of films including “Ocean’s Eleven” (1960), “Sergeants Three” (1962), and “Robin and the Seven Hoods” (1964). Davis returned to Broadway in 1964 as boxer Joe Wellington in a highly successful musical adaptation of the 1937 Clifford Odets drama “Golden Boy.” Davis continued appearing on television variety shows and performing in Las Vegas throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In 1972, he had a number-one hit on the top-forty charts with “Candy Man.” He acted in two “Cannonball Run” films in the early 1980s, which reunited him on-screen with Dean Martin. After undergoing reconstructive hip surgery in 1985, Davis recovered sufficiently to-star and dance with Gregory Hines in the film “Tap” (1989). And, after announcing that he had successfully overcome an addiction to cocaine and alcohol, Davis embarked on a concert tour in 1988-89 with fellow Rat-packers Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. Liza Minnelli, a close friend of Davis, Sinatra and Martin, replaced an ailing Martin after he fell ill on the tour. Although he did not show it or speak about it, Davis was said to be sick on the tour, as well. He succumbed to throat cancer on May 16, 1990. Davis was married three times, first to Loray White, a dancer; to actress May Britt, with whom he had one daughter and adopted two sons; and to Altovise Gore, a former showgirl. He wrote three autobiographies, “Yes I Can” (1965), Life In A Suitcase (1980) and Why Me? (1989).

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Black History Month

Mahalia Jackson Gospel singer (1911-1972) Mahalia Jackson reigned as a pioneer interpreter of gospel music, whose fervent contralto was one of the great voices of the 20th century. Both gospel and rhythm &blues had their roots in the Sanctified church, but wheras blues and R&B departed on secular paths that led to rock and roll, gospel stayed the spiritual course. Nonetheless, the influence of gospel on R&B and rock and roll, especially through such force-of-nature voices as Jackson’s, is inescapable. Little Richard has cited Jackson as an inspiration, calling her “the true queen of spiritual singers.” In Jackson’s own words, “Rock and Roll was stolen out of the sanctified church!” Certainly, in the unleashed frenzy of the “spirit feel “style of gospel epitomized by such singers as Mahalia Jackson, Marion Williams and Sister Rosetta Tharpe, one can hear the rousing roots of rock and roll. One of Jackson’s accompanists was keyboardist Billy Preston, who went on to great fame as a rock and R&B star. But religious passion was paramount in Jackson’s life, “Her voice is a heartfelt express of all that is most human about us our fears, our faith, our hopefor salvation,” David Ritz wrote in his liner notes for Mahalia Jackson, 16 Most Requested Songs. Hope is the hallmark of Mahalia Jackson and the gospel tradition she embodies.” Jackson was born in New Orleans in 1911. She was nonetheless influenced by Bessie Smith and the rhythm & blues she heard all around her. She carried the rich musical heritage of her native city with her when she moved to Chicago in 1927. Jackson labored as a domestic but soon found abundant work as a soloist at churches and funerals throughout Chicago. After performing with the Prince Johnson singers, she first recorded as a soloist in the mid-thirties. She spent five years touring with composer Thomas A. Dorsey, singing at gospel tents and churches. Jackson recorded for Decca in 1937 and for Apollo from 1946-1954. She then moved to Columbia Records, where she achieved broad recognition as a singer of spirituals. She also lent her powerful voice and imprimatur to the Civil Rights movement of the fifties and sixties. Singing in a grainy, full-throated soprano that employed slurs and blue notes, Jackson brought a heightened drama and syncopated bounce to her readings of such gospel classics as “Move On Up a Little Higher,” “He’s Got the Whole World in His Hands” (a Top 100 pop single) and “How I Got Over.” She sang for Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, performing at the latter’s inaugural. A favorite of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Jackson sang at his request immediately before his “I Have a Dream” speech at the March on Washington in August 1963. Jackson recorded for Columbia from 1954 until 1967. She died of heart failure outside Chicago in 1972.

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Black History Month

Auction Signs Of Africans (Negroes) Signs were posted throughout the colonies for human cargo available to be sold as slaves. Born in violence, slavery survived by the lash. Beginning with the initial slave trade that tore Africans away from everything they knew and sent them in chain to a distant land to toil for strangers, every stage of master-slave relations depended either directly or indirectly physical coercion. The routine functioning of Southern farms and plantations rested on the authority of the owners and their representatives, supported by the state, to inflict pain on their human property. Plenty of pain was inflicted. Slave owners directed especially repressive measures against Africans, for newly imported slaves offered pervasive resistance to the conditions under which they found themselves. They ignored the Anglicized names their owners awarded them. One of the slave’s greatest fears was to be sold off and separated from loved ones. According to Mortimer Thomson, a newspaper correspondent who covered the Butler sale, “The expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguished than it is in the power of words to express.”

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Black History Month

Bessie Smith Blues singer (1894-1933) Bessie Smith was a rough, crude, violent woman. She was also the greatest of the classic Blues singer of the 1920s. Bessie started out as a street musician in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In 1912 Bessie joined a traveling show as a dancer and singer. The show featured Pa and Ma Rainy, and Smith developed a friendship with Ma. Ma Rainey was Bessie’s mentor and she stayed with her show until 1915. Bessie then joined the vaudeville circuit and gradually built up her own following in the south and along the eastern seaboard. By the early 1920s, she was one of the most popular Blues singers in vaudeville. In 1923, she made her recording debut on Columbia, accompanied by pianist Clarence Williams. They recorded “Gulf Coast Blues” and “Down Hearted Blues.” The records sold more than 750,000 copies that same year, rivaling the success of Blues singer Mamie Smith (no relation). Throughout the 1920s Smith recorded with many of the great Jazz musicians of that era, including Fletcher Henderson, James P. Johnson, Coleman Hawkins, Don Redman, and Louis Armstrong. Her rendition of “St. Louis Blues” with Armstrong is considered by most critics to be one of the finest recordings of the 1920s. Bessie Smith was one of the biggest stars of the 1920s and was popular with both Whites and African Americans, but by 1931 the Classic Blues style of Bessie Smith was out of style and the Depression, radio, and sound movies had all damaged the record companies ability to sell records and Columbia dropped Smith from its roster. In 1933, she recorded for the last time under the direction of John Hammond for Okeh. The sessions featured white Jazz musicians, Jack Teagarden and Benny Goodman. Despite having no record company, Smith was still very popular in the South and continued to draw large crowds, although the money was not nearly as good as it had been in the 1920s. Bessie had started to style herself as a Swing musician and was on the verge of a come-back when her life was tragically cut short by an automobile accident in 1937. While driving with her crushing Smith’s left arm and ribs. Smith bled to death by the time she reached the hospital. John Hammond caused quite a stir by writing an article in “Downbeat” magazine suggesting that Smith had bleed to death because she had been taken to a white hospital and had been turned away. This proved not to be true, but the rumor persists to this day.

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Black History Month

Oprah Winfrey American talk show host, Academy Award-nominated actress, and producer (1954-) “What a difference it would have made to my childhood if I had seen someone who looks like you on television.” The host is Oprah Winfrey, and she has been making that difference for millions of viewers, young and old, black and white, for nearly a dozen years. Winfrey stands as a beacon, not only in the worlds of media and entertainment but also in the large realm of public discourse. At 48, she had a personal fortune estimated at more than half a billion dollars. She owns her own production company, which creates feature films, prime-time TV specials, and home videos. An accomplished actress, she won an Academy Award nomination for her role in “The Color Purple,” and she stared in her own film production of Toni Morrison’s “Beloved.” But it is through her talk show that her influence has been the greatest. When Winfrey talks, her viewers an estimated 14 million daily in the U.S. and millions more in 132 other countries listen. Any book she chooses for her on-air book club becomes an instant best seller. When she established the “world’s largest piggy bank,” people all over the country contributed spare change to raise more than $1 million (matched by Oprah) to send disadvantaged kids to college. When she blurted that hearing about the threat of mad-cow disease “just stopped me cold from eating another burger,!” the perceived threat to the beef industry was enough to trigger a multimillion-dollar lawsuit (which she won). Born in 1954 to unmarried parents, Winfrey was raised by her grandmother on a farm with no indoor plumbing in Kosciusko, Mississippi By age 3 she was reading the Bible and reciting in church. At 6, she moved to her mother’s home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin later, to her father’s in Nashville, Tennessee. A lonely child, she found solace in books. When a seventh-grade teacher noticed the young girl reading during lunch, he got her a scholarship to a better school. Winfrey’s talent for public performance and spontaneity in answering questions helped he win beauty contest-and get her first taste of public attention. Crowned Miss Fire Prevention in Nashville at 17, Winfrey visited a local radio station, where she was invited to read copy for a lark-and was hired to read news on the air. Two years later, while a sophomore at Tennessee State University, she was hired as Nashville’s first female and first black TV-news anchor. After graduation, she took an anchor position in Baltimore, Maryland, but lacked the detachment to be a reporter. She cried when a story was sad, and laughed when she misread a word. Instead, she was given an early-morning talk show. She had found her medium. In 1984, she moved on to be the host of “A.M. Chicago,” which became “The Oprah Winfrey Show.” It was syndicated in 1986--when Winfrey was 32—and soon overtook Donahue as the nation’s top –rated talk show. I used to speak in the church all the time, and the sisters in the front row would say to my grandmother, ‘Hattie Mae, this child sure can talk.’ Women, especially, listen to Winfrey because they feel as if she’s a friend. Although Phil Donahue pioneered the format she uses (mike-holding host moves among an audience whose members question guests), his show was mostly what I call “report-talk,” which often typifies men’s conversation. The overt focus is on information. Winfrey transformed the format into what I call “rapport-talk,” the back-and-forth conversation that is the basis of female friendship, with its emphasis on self-revealing intimacies. She turned the focus from experts to ordinary people talking about personal issues. Girls’ and women’s friendships are often built on trading secrets. Winfrey’s power is that she tells her own, divulging that she once ate a package of hot-dog buns drenched in maple syrup, that she had smoked cocaine, even that she had been raped as a child. With Winfrey, the talk show became more immediate, more confessional, more personal. When a guest’s story moves her, she cries and spreads her arms for a hug. Winfrey saw television’s power to blend public and private, while it links strangers and conveys information over public airwaves. TV is most often viewed in the privacy of our homes. Like a family member, it sits down to meals with us and talks to us in the lonely afternoons. Grasping this paradox, Oprah exhorts viewers to improve their lives and the world. She makes people care because she cares. That is Winfrey’s genius, and will be her legacy, as the changes she has brought in the talk show continue to permeate our culture and shape our lives.

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Black History Month

Richard Allen Religious leader (1760-1831) Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AMC) Church and the Free African Society. He was born a slave in Philadelphia and with his family was sold to Stockley Sturgis, the owner of a plantation near Dover, Delaware. With the permission of his master, Allen joined the Methodist Society, learned to read and write and started to preach at Methodist meeting. After his conversation, Allen said that he worked harder to prove that religion did not make slaves worse servants. At Allen’s request, a Methodist meeting was held in the Sturgis’ home. The sermon that day was “Thou are weighed in the balance and found wanting.” Sturgis converted to Methodist and then decided that slave holding was wrong. In January of 1780 Sturgis agreed that Allen could hire himself out and purchase his freedom for $2,000. It took Allen five years to raise that sum of money. Allen preached at meetings to blacks and whites in Maryland, Delaware, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He was requested to serve at the St. George’s Church in Philadelphia where he quickly increased the black membership. He immediately saw the need for a separate place of worship for Africans, but was insulted by a white elder at St. George’s when he suggested this. Richard Allen and Absalom Jones organized the Free African Religious Society in 1787. Some five years later, the black members of St. George’s walked out when Absalom Jones, who was praying in the front of the church, was asked to get up off his knees and move to the rear of the church. This made it more clear that they needed a separate place of worship. The Free African Society took the lead in raising the money to create a church for the African members of the congregation. The new church was called “The African Church of Philadelphia” and it became a part of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America. Richard Allen along with eleven other members were committed to the principles of Methodism and formed the Bethel African Church. By 1816 there were several African Methodist Churches around the country and that year they met to form the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. On April 11, 1816 Richard Allen was named the first bishop of this church. In addition to his role as a church leader, Allen Vigorously responded to white verbal attacks against the black community. He challenged the American Colonization Society, founded a day school, and published articles in Freedom’s Journal. Allen also operated businesses and as a result was able to serve the church without collecting a salary.

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Black History Month

John Carlos and Tommy Smith Prior to the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, many politician’s in the U.S. came together to put down the civil rights movement by blacks. There was a great deal of speculation in the track and field world that black athletes would unite and boycott the 1968 games. However, after much discussion, athletes felt that winning a medal was far more important to themselves and their families than to stage a boycott. They felt that they had worked too hard to give up an opportunity to seek the various Olympic medals. These attitudes effectively ended any chance of an Olympic boycott and were to the joy, and relief of international, and U.S. Olympic Committees. “Tommy and I did not share the feelings about winning medals held by many of the other athletes.” It is difficult to say whether the gesture by Carlos and Smith were made for the improvement of the Black athlete’s conditions. Yet in 1991, when Sports Illustrated convened a roundtable and asked a number of outstanding Black and White athletes if things had been better for them in the 1970s and 80s, most agreed that a number of things had improved. The roundtable consisted of such luminaries as Hank Aaron, Anita De Frantz, and Bill Walton. Relationships between Black and White players and between players and management on professional teams seemed, in the panelists’ eyes, very similar to the past. They noted that the most significant progress had been made in large salaries that were paid to bona fide superstar African Americans, notably, at the time, Magic Johnson in basketball, Bo Jackson in football and baseball, and Dwight Gooden in baseball. Expressing overriding concerns beyond considerations of current salary figures, the roundtable pointed out that generally Black athletes, because of poor college preparation, were prepared for life after professional sports.

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Black History Month

Marian Anderson Opera singer (1897-1993) one of the most celebrated contraltos of our age, Marian Anderson was born into a poor family in Philadelphia on February 27, 1897. Her father sold coal and ice; her mother took in laundry. Ms. Anderson sang in the Union Baptist Church choir as a child; her talent was recognized in the community, and money was raised for her to take voice lessons with Giuseppe Boghetti. In 1923, she won a singing contest in Philadelphia, and two years later; she won first prize in a competition held by the New York Philharmonic, appearing as a soloist with that ensemble in Lewisohn Stadium. Her Carnegie Hall debut followed in 1929, and she sang her first professional engagement in London in 1930. A tour of the European continent followed, and she became a sensation wherever she appeared, in part due to her peerless interpretations of African-American spirituals. Marian Anderson was fated to pursue much of her musical career in an environment of of stifling racism. In 1939, after triumphant , D.C. by the Daughters of the American Revolution under grounds of “traditional” segregation. This snub motivated Eleanor Roosevelt, then First Lady of the United States, to resign from the DAR, and Ms. Anderson was invited by Harold Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, to perform at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. The concert was attended by a huge and enthusiastic audience, and broadcast over national radio. Later that year, she was given the Spingarn Award for the “highest and noblest achievement by an American Negro.” In 1955, Marian Anderson broke an important musical color barrier when she made her long-overdue debut at the Metropolitan Opera, in the role of Ulrica in Un Ballo in Maschera. In 1958, she was named by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to delegate status at the General Assembly of the United Nations. This was one of innumerable honors bestowed on Ms. Anderson over the course of her life. She was awarded 24 honorary degrees by institutions of higher learning; she received medals from a long list of countries. She sang at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration in 1961, and President Johnsons gave her the American Medal of Honor. On her 75th birthday in 1974, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution to have a special gold medal minted in her name. A master of repertoire across operatic, recital, and American traditional genres, Marian Anderson played a vital role in the acceptance of African-American musicians in the classical music world. Her grace and effortless virtuosity under unknowable pressures remains a model for all citizens of the world, and her voice is one of the treasures of our century.

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Black History Month

Kweisi Mfume Politician, NAACP leader (1948-) The eldest of four children, Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gray) was raised in a poor community just outside Baltimore, Maryland by his mother and stepfather, Mary and Clifton Gray. After years of physical abuse, Mary Gray left her husband in 1960 and moved the family to a neighborhood closer to the city. Four years later she was diagnosed with cancer and within a short time learned the disease was terminal. Mfume and his sisters were devastated by the news and suffered a traumatic blow when she died, literally, in the arms of her only son. In his autobiography, No Free Ride, Mfume recalls just how difficult it was losing his mother. After his mother’s death Mfume quit high school and began fathering several illegitimate children. Disappointed with his reckless lifestyle Mfume made a decision to change his life when he was 22 years old. He earned a high school equivalency diploma and graduated magna cum laude from Morgan State University in 1976. In the early 1970s Mfume also began working as a disc jockey on local radio stations where he developed an interest in politics. He change his name from Frizzell Gray to Kweisi Mfume (which means “conguering son of kings” in the African Language spoken by the Ibgo), and in 1978 won a seat on the Baltimore City Council. Mfume honed his political skills and in 1986 won the seat in the Seventh Congressional District vacated by legendary black politician Parren J. Mitchell. Mfume served five terms in Congress, eventually becoming leader of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC). On February 20, 1996, he left Congress to become president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the nation’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. As president of the NAACP, Mfume has eliminated the organization’s six-figure debt and has worked to revitalize its image among young African Americans.

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Black History Month

Isaac Murphy Jockey (1861-1896) The jockey who spared the whip and spoiled his opposition when dash races replaced the custom of four-mile heat races, the jockey’s ability to take immediate and complete command of his mount was essential. One of the first individuals to gain a reputation as a brilliant command of his mount was essential. One of the first individuals to gain a reputation as a brilliant jockey was Isaac Murphy. Murphy, an African American, was born in Fayette County, Kentucky, on January 1, 185. He rode in his first race at the age of 16 some say he was actually 14 at the time. Murphy’s style was distinguished by the fact that he rarely used a whip or spur on his horse. Instead, he talked to his horse and was seemingly able to persuade the horse to win for him. Incomplete records of the era indicate Murphy won 628 of 1,412 races he entered, for a record lifetime winning average of an amazing 44%! He won the the Latonia Derby five times , the American Derby four times, and the Kentucky Derby three times. Lucky Baldwin, the famous California horseman, at one time paid him $10,000 a year on retainer. Murphy made enough money to retire by the age of 36, but died of pneumonia at the young age of 37 probably due to the rigid dieting required during his racing career.

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Entrepreneurship

My interest in entrepreneurship began as it did with so many of us in the physical world. I started as a street vendor in New York City, that most dynamic of all cities. I learned to vend on the difficult and demanding streets of Manhattan the vending craft. After having mastered this craft I made the transition from the physical vending world to the virtual Internet universe. The company I formed, Dynamic City Unlimited, was inspired by the lessons I learned in the most dynamic city in the world New York City. I named my website after this: DCUNY. My site, which offers legal services and discount products as well as my own personal writing (basically a blueprint of my business), is at: www.dcuny.com. I extend my personal invitation to each of you to shop and I believe that you will find it a pleasant and rewarding experience.

Black History Month

Granville T. Woods Inventor (1856-1910) During his lifetime, Granville Woods obtained some 50 patents, Granville T. Woods is sometimes called the “Black Thomas Edison” because he invented so many electrical devices. During his lifetime, Granville Woods obtained more than fifty patents for electrical devices that he invented. Granville was called an “extremely prolific and brilliant inventor.” He was born in Columbus, Ohio, where he attended school until the age of ten. When he was sixteen years old, Granville got a job as a fireman-engineer with the railroad. He also began to study electrical and mechanical engineering. In 1887, Granville made the most important invention of his time. He invented a railway telegraph system. This invention allowed crew members on moving trains to communicate with one another and with railroad stations. It made rail traffic safer because it helped trains to avoid collisions. Serious accidents could also be avoided because conductors could be forewarned of obstacles in the train’s path. Another of Granville’s inventions was a regulator which made electrical motors run better. Demands for his equipment became so widespread that he quit his regular job to devote full-time work for further inventions. An overhead conducting system for electric railways, is still used by trains and trolley cars today. In 1884, he invented a stream boiler furnace. He next invented an amusement apparatus. In 1890, he invented an electrically heated egg incubator which made it possible to hatch 50,000eggs at a time. Granville also invented a relay instrument, an automatic air brake, an electric battery, a telephone transmitter, and devices for telegraph and railway systems. Granville sold many of his inventions to such large electrical companies as General Electric, Westinghouse, and Bell Telephone. At the time of his death in 1910, Granville T. Woods’ achievements had gained him worldwide attention and recognition.

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Black History Month

Jim Brown Football player (1936-) Considered by many the greatest running back in history, Brown was also an exceptional all-around athlete. As a teenager, he turned downed an offer to play baseball in the New York Yankee organization and, after graduating from Syracuse University, he turned down $150,000 to become a professional fighter. While in high school, he once jogged over from a pregame lacrosse game to win the high jump in a track meet. In his senior year in high school in Manhasset, Long Island, he averaged 38 points a game in basketball and 14.9 yards per carry as a football player. He was an All-American in both Lacrosse, football, and he started at center in basketball for three years at Syracuse. In his last regular season football game, he scored 43 points against Colgate, and he had 21 in Syracuse’s 28-27 lose to Texas Christian in the 1957 Cotton Bowl. Brown joined the NFL’s Cleveland Browns in 1957 and was named rookie of the year after gaining 942 yards on 202 carries. He set a single-game record of 237 yards against the year after gaining 942 yards on 202 carries. He set a single-game record of 237 yards against the Los Angeles Rams, scoring four touchdowns, that season. During the next eight seasons, Brown rushed for more than 1,000 yards seven times, falling short by only 4 yards in 1962. He led the league in rushing every season he played except 1962, when Jim Taylor of the green Bay Packers edged him out. Brown also led in rushing touchdowns from 1957 through 1959, in 1963, and in 1965. The 6’2, 228-pound sprinter had speed and elusive moves. While he rarely ran over an opponent, he had the power to break through off-balance tackles set up by his cutting ability. An all-pro from 1957 through 1961 and from 1963 through 1965, Brown was named the UPI player of the year in 1958, 1963, and 1965. While making a movie during the summer of 1966, Brown made the surprising announcement that he was retiring from football to concentrate on acting. He was just thirty years old. In his eight season, he rushed 2,359 times for 12,312 yards, a 5.2 average, and rushed for 106 touchdowns. He also caught 262 passes for 2,499 yards and 20 touchdowns and returned 29 kickoffs for 648 yards, a 22.3 average. Brown was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

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Black History Month

Bessie Coleman Black female pilot (1893-1926) Bessie Coleman broke racial and sexual barriers in her short aviation career. She grew up in the Texas cotton fields. When poverty kept her from attending college, she moved to Chicago where she worked as a manicurist. It was there that she saw her first air show. The excitement and thrills offered by stunt pilots’ barnstorming sparked her interest and from then on Bessie’s goals were clear: to learn to fly and to have a financially successful aviation career that would enable her to open a flying school for blacks. She soon found that it seemed to be an impossible dream because racial and sexual prejudices barred her from all American flight schools. Following the advice of Robert S. About, a Chicago newspaper publisher, she saved her money and took night classes, learning to read and speak French. Rejected in America, Bessie went to France and there earned the first International Pilots’ License issued to a black woman. Bessie returned to America in 1921 yearning to open a flight school for young blacks. She believed “the air is the only place free from prejudices.” As the only black women to hold a pilots license at a time when there were few women pilots, Bessie turned her disadvantage of race into an asset and quickly achieved celebrity status. Her picture and accomplishments appeared on newsreels at movie theaters. She was a featured performer at air shows from coast to coast and she gave lectures encouraging blacks to become interested in aviation. By 1926 Bessie was close to having the money needed to open a school. “Brave Bessie,” as the press labeled her, never saw her final dream come true. She died in a crash at a Jacksonville, Florida air show in April, 1926. It was at great personal sacrifice that she pursued her dreams. Her life was a quest for equality in the air. For that she wrote, “Whatever happens, there shall be no regrets.”

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Black History Month

The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Robert Gould Shaw organized the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts in March 1863 at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts, he was a twenty-six year old member of a prominent Boston abolitionist family. Shaw had earlier served in the Seventh New York National Guard and the Second Massachusetts Infantry, and was appointed colonel of the Fifty-fourth in February 1863, by Massachusetts’s governor John A. Andrew. As one of the first black units organized in the northern states, the Fifty-fourth was the object of great interest, curiosity, and its performance would be considered an important indication organized in the northern states, the Fifty-fourth was the object of great interest, curiosity, and its performance would be considered an important indication of the possibilities surrounding the use of blacks in combat. The regiment was composed primarily of free blacks from throughout the North, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Amongst its recruits were Lewis N. Douglass and Charles Douglass, sons of the famous ex-slave and abolitionist, Frederick Douglass. After a period of recruiting and training, the unit proceeded to the Department of the South, arriving at Hilton Head, South Carolina, on June 3, 1863. Soon after the 54th saw its first action at James Island. The regiment earned its greatest fame on July 18, 1863, when it led the unsuccessful and controversial assault on the Confederate positions at Battery Wagner. In this desperate attack, the Fifty-fourth was placed in the vanguard and over 250 men of the regiment became casualties. Shaw, the regiment’s young colonel, died on the crest of the enemy parapet, shouting, “Forward, Fifty-fourth!” That heroic charge, coupled with Shaw’s death, made the regiment a household name throughout the north, and helped spur black recruiting. For the remainder of 1863, the unit participated in siege operations around Charleston, before boarding transports for Florida early in February 1864. The regiment number 510 officers and men at the opening of the Florida Campaign, and its new commander was Edward N. Hallowell, a twenty-seven year old merchant from Medford, Massachusetts. Anxious to avenge the Battery Wagner repulse, the Fifty-fourth was the best black regiment available to General Seymour, the Union commander. However, only about 500 members of the regiment were present at Olustee, the others having been detailed for other duty. Along with the 35th, United States Colored Troops, the Fifty-fourth entered the fighting late in the day at Olustee, and helped save the Union army from complete disaster. The Fifty-fourth marched into battle yelling, “Three cheers for Massachusetts and seven dollars a month. “The latter referred to the difference in pay between white and colored Union Infantry, a long sore point with colored troops. Congress had just passed a bill correcting this and giving colored troops equal pay however, word of the bill would not reach these troops until after the battle of Olustee. The regiment lost eight-six men in the battle, the lowest number of the three black regiments. After Olustee, the Fifty-fourth was not sent to participate in the bloody Viginia campaigns of 1864-1865. Instead, it remained in the Department of the South, fighting in number of actions, including the battles of Honey Hill and Boykin’s Mill before Charleston and Savannah. It was mustered out in August 1865. More than a century after the war the Fifty-fourth remains the most famous black regiment of the war, due largely to the popularity of the attack on Fort Wagner.

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Black History Month

Amistad Mutiny (July 2, 1839), slave rebellion that took place on the slave ship Amistad near the coast of Cuba and had important political and legal repercussions in the American Abolitionist movement. The mutineers were captured and tried in the United States, and a surprising victory for the country’s antislavery forces resulted in 1841 when the U.S. Supreme Court freed the rebels. A committee formed to defend the slaves later developed in the American Missionary Association (incorporated 1846). On July 2, 1839, the Spanish schooner Amistad was sailing from Havana to Puerto Principe, Cuba, when the ship’s unwilling passengers, 53 slaves recently abducted from Africa, revolted. Led by Joseph Cinque’ (Sengbe Pieh-see #108) they killed the captain and the cook but spared the life of a Spanish navigator, so that he could sail them home to Sierra Leone. The navigator managed instead to sail the Amistad generally northward. Two months later the U.S. Navy seized the ship off Long Island, N.Y., and towed it into New London, Conn. The mutineers were held in a jail in Hartford, Connecticut Federal court. New England Abolitionist Lewis Tappan stirred public sympathy for the African captives, while the U.S. government took the proslavery side. U.S. President Martin Van Buren ordered a Navy ship sent to Connecticut to return the Africans to Cuba immediately after the trial. A candidate for reelection that year, he anticipated a ruling against the defendants and hope to gain proslavery votes by removing the Africans before Abolitionists could appeal to a higher court. Prosecutors argued that that, as slaves, the mutineers were subject to the laws governing conduct between slaves and their masters. But trail testimony determined that while slavery was legal in Cuba, importation of slaves from Africa was not. Therefore, the judge ruled, rather than being merchandise, the Africans were victims of kidnapping and had the right to escape their captors in any way they could. When the U.S. government appealed the case before the U.S. Supreme Court the next year, congressman and former president John Quincy Adams argued eloquently for the Amistad rebels. The Supreme Court upheld the lower court, and private and missionary society donations helped the 35 surviving Africans secure passage home. They arrived in Sierra Leone in January 1842, along with five missionaries and teachers who intended to establish a Christian mission. Spain continued to insist that the United States pay indemnification for the Cuban vessel. The U.S. Congress intermittently debated the Amistad case, without resolution, for more than two decades, until the American Civil War began in 1861.

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Black History Month

Sonny Liston Former Heavyweight Champion (1932-1970) a multi-talented fighter, it could be said that Sonny Liston’s best weapon was intimidation. He had one of the best jabs in boxing and knockout power in each hand, but Liston’s baleful scowl often had opponents defeated before the first bell. Born one of 25 brothers and sisters, Liston led a trouble life and learned boxing while serving time in prison for armed robbery. He turned pro in 1953 and rapidly ascended the heavyweight ranks, leaving a stream of knockout victims in his wake. He posted wins over top contenders such as Cleveland Williams, Nino Valdes, Zora Folley and Eddie Machen to position him for a title fight. He became heavyweight champion of the world on September 25, 1962 when he kayoed Floyd Patterson in one round. He granted Patterson a rematch 10 months later but the result was the same: Liston by knockout in the first round. Liston’s reign as champion ended when challenger Cassius Clay defeated him in 1964. A rematch took place a year later and Clay, now known as Muhammad Ali scored a knockout victory. It was 1970 when he defeated a young Chuck Wepner in his last professional fight. Sonny Liston compiled a record of 50 wins and four losses with 39 knockouts as he made a place for himself as one of the greatest heavyweight champions in the history of boxing.

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Black History Month

Muhammad Ali Greatest Athlete of the century (1942-) The colorful and controversial Muhammad Ali began taking boxing lessons when he was twelve years old at urging of a Louisville policeman he talked to after his bike was stolen. As a high school student, he won the national Golden Gloves middleweight championship in 1959 and 1960 and the AAU national light heavyweight title in 1960, then went on to a gold medal in the Olympic light heavyweight division. Under his birth name, Cassius Clay, he had his first professional fight on October 29, 1960. Before his sixth professional bout, against Lamar Clark on April 19, 1961, Clay predicted a 2nd-round knockout and was right. He continued making predictions, often in rhyme, and making them come true until March 13, 1963. On that date, he won a questionable 10-round decision over Doug Jones after predicting a 4th-round knockout. Clay was a heavy underdog when he met Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship on February 25, 1964, at Miami Beach, FL. However, he won the fight when Liston failed to come out for the eight round, claiming a shoulder injury. In a rematch on May 25, 1965, Clay knocked Liston out with a “phantom punch” That few observers saw in the first round at Lewiston, ME. Shortly after becoming champion, Clay announced that he had become a Black Muslim and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. He defended the title eight time in the next twenty months. In the meantime, he had refused induction into the Army. Therefore, the New York State Boxing Commission revoked his license, his title was stripped, and he was sentenced to five years in prison for draft evasion. While the conviction was being appealed, Ali was inactive for more than two years and announced his retirement early in 1970. He returned to the ring shortly afterward, knocking out Jerry Quarry in the 3rd round on October 26, 1970, in Atlanta. After a court ordered New York to restore his license, he fought the new champion, Joe Frazier, at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. Frazier won a brutal 15-round fight on a unanimous decision. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned his conviction on June 29, 1971, and Ali won the North American Boxing Federation’s championship by knocking out Jimmy Ellis in the 12th round less than a month later. He lost it on a 12-round decision to Ken Norton, regained it by out pointing Norton in 12 rounds, and then beat Frazier on a 12-round decision to gain a world title fight against George Foreman, who had also beaten Frazier. Ali knocked Foreman out in the eighth round on October 30, 1974, at Kinshasa, Zaire, in the first heavyweight championship fight ever held in Africa. He was named fighter of the year by Ring magazine. He and Frazier shared the 1975 award after their celebrated “Thrilla in Manila” fight on October 1, when Ali won with a 14th-round knockout. After ten defenses, Ali lost the title to Leon Spinks on a 12-round decision February 15, 1978, but regained it for a third time with a 15-round decision on September 15. He then announced his retirement. He came out of retirement for another championship fight, against Larry Holmes on October 2, 1980. Holmes knocked him out in the 11th round. Ali retired for good after losing a 1981 decision to Trevor Berbick. “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” a phrase coined by corner man, Drew “Bundini” Brown, aptly described Ali’s remarkable combination of speed and power during his prime. Ali is one of the most respected athlete in the world and his humanitarian efforts are unsurpassed.

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Black History Month

Eldridge Cleaver writer, activist former Minister of Information for the Black Panther Party (1935-1998) At times a convict, political candidate and author, Cleaver was one of the original Black Panthers, formed in 1966 in Oakland by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. In April 1968, Cleaver, the fledgling Black Panther Party’s information minister, was involved in a violent shootout with police in Oakland. Panther treasurer Bobby Hutton, 17, was killed in the gun battle, and Cleaver and two police officers were wounded. Cleaver was arrested after the shootout, but jumped $50,000 bail and fled the United States. Before his return to the United States in 1975, he told reporters he believed he would be treated fairly in court. “A new situation now exists in the United States. The war in Vietnam is over. The status and condition of black people has undergone a fundamental change for the better. The American people have been shocked into objectivity and vigilance by the exposure of the massive, systematic and conspiratorial subversion of their democratic rights,” he said. He also denounced the Black Panthers upon his return. After a protracted legal battle, attempted murder charges in the shootout were dropped, and Cleaver was placed on probation and ordered to do community service for assault. Before his Black Panther days, Cleaver was convicted in 1958 of assault with intent to kill. He was paroled after nine years in prison. He also had a 1954 conviction for narcotics possession. While in prison, Cleaver wrote “Soul on Ice,” a series of powerful essays decrying prejudice and racism. Published in 1968, it became a focus of the Black Power movement. Cleaver ran unsuccessfully for president in 1968 on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket. Following his campaign, he was ousted from the Panthers Because of a bitter and public dispute with Newton. After his self-imposed exile abroad, Cleaver became a born-again Christian and a Republican. He made a failed attempt for the GOP nomination for the U.S. Senate in California. He also claimed to be a rabid anti-Communist, because of his experiences on the run behind the Iron Curtain. “Red-fighting that’s what I’m doing,” Cleaver said in an interview during his congressional campaign. “I have taken an oath in my heart to oppose Communism until the day I die.” In the past decade, the gray-haired, bespectacled Cleaver had occasional brushes with the law. He was placed on probation in 1988 after separate convictions for burglary and cocaine possession. In 1992, he was arrested for alleged cocaine possession, but a judge threw out the charges after determining Cleaver was improperly arrested. In a 1986 interview with The Associated Press, Cleaver attempted to explain his many transformations. “Everybody changes, not just me,” he said. “I was pulled over in my car with my secretary for a traffic thing and one of the officers walked up to the car, and saw me sitting inside. He took off his hat and said, ‘Hey, Eldridge, remember me?”

Technical Difficulties

Dear Readers:

We at Dynamic City Unlimited are having technical difficulties incurred during an upgrade. We expect to be fully back on-line in the next day or two with our full range of publications and posts such as "Poor Reginald's Almanac" and the daily Dynamic City ads. However, during the interim we will be posting the Black History Month series on a daily basis so as not to interrupt this important and historic series of important black personalities. We here at Dynamic City Unlimited appreciate your patience and patronage and hope you will stay tuned because the best is yet to come.

Reginald P. Carelock
President and CEO
Dynamic City Unlimited

Black History Month

Bob Marley artist, singer, composer (1945-1981) Born Robert Nesta Marley on February 6, 1945, in Nine Milees, (st. Ann) Jamaica, from a middle age white father and a teenage Black mother, Robert Nesta Marley transcended the humility of his rural beginnings to become not only a million–selling artist and stadium filling entertainer, but a nearly religious figure whose pleas for brotherhood and justice achieved universal anthemic status. At the young age of 16, he started singing professionally, releasing his first single “judge Not” on the Beverley’s Label, under the names Robert Marley and Bobby Martell. However, “Judge Not” and its follow-up “One Cup of Coffee” were not successful. Due to his musical hunger he asked Joe Higgs to tutor him, Joe Higgs was a recording artist who coached local youngster like Marley, Bunny Livingstone, and Peter Tosh (who would become (The Wailers) for free. Signed in 1963 to Coxsone Dodd’s Studio One Label, The Wailers saw their first release, “Simmer Down,” become an instant number # 1 During the next two-and-a-half years, the group recorded over a hundred songs, and at one point in 1965, they held five of the top ten slots on the Jamaican charts. Noticing that they were not getting enough of the money made from their records, they formed their own label, Wail ‘n Soul in 1966. The Wailers continued a series of local hits, with little financial remuneration. Following the album “Best of the Wailers” with producer Leslie Kong (which may have led to his own death), they joined forces with the seminal oddball producer, Lee Perry, and produced an amazing series of singles that are collected under a variety of names and remain their finest hour. In 1972, Island Records president Chris Blackwell signed The Wailers to a record contract. Allowing them to release records under there new label, Tuff Gong, but after there first two albums with Island, the group broke up, leaving Marley at the head of the band (now named Bob Marley and the Wailers), to which he added a female backing trio, The Threes (Rita Marley, Judy Mowatt, and Marcia Griffiths). During his raise to fame, Marley made his beliefs in Rastafari, well known to the observing public. Most ignorant observers viewed Marley as a long haired, herb smoking troublemaker, but the young, more understanding youth saw him as humanitarian achievement. He headlined a Peace Concert that same year in Jamaica, bringing together Prime Minister Michael Manley and Edward Seaga, the leader of the opposition. However, his greatest honor came when hen was invited to headline the Zimbabwe Independence Celebrations in 1980. He outdrew the Pope in Milan, sold ten of millions of records worldwide, left a $30 million estate, and died at the young age of 36 from melanoma.

Technical Difficulties

Dear Readers:

We at Dynamic City Unlimited are having technical difficulties incurred during an upgrade. We expect to be fully back on-line in the next day or two with our full range of publications and posts such as "Poor Reginald's Almanac" and the daily Dynamic City ads. However, during the interim we will be posting the Black History Month series on a daily basis so as not to interrupt this important and historic series of important black personalities. We here at Dynamic City Unlimited appreciate your patience and patronage and hope you will stay tuned because the best is yet to come.

Reginald P. Carelock
President and CEO
Dynamic City Unlimited

Black History Month

Althea Gibson Tennis player (1927-) Noplayer overcame more obstacles to become a champion than Althea Gibson, the first black person to win at Wimbledon and Forest Hills. Her entry in the U.S. Championships of 1950 at Forest Hills was historic, it was the first appearance of an American black in that event. It took seven more years for Gibson to work her way to the championship there, in 1957. Tennis was pretty much a segregated sport in the U.S. Until the American Tennis Association, the the governing body for black tournaments, prevailed on the U.S.Tennis Association to permit the ATA female champion, Gibson, to enter Forest Hills. TWOyears earlier in 1948, Dr. Reginald Weir, a New York physician, was the first black male permitted in a USTA championship, playing in the U.S. Indoor event. Althea's first appearance at Forest Hills was not only a notable occasion it was nearly a moment of staggering triumph. Making her historic debut in a 6-2, 6-2 win over Barbara Knapp, she encountered in the second round third-seeded Louise Brough, the reigning Wimbledon champion, and came within one game of winning. Recovering from nerves, Althea led, 1-6, 6-3, 7-6, when providence intervened: a thunderstorm struck Forest Hills, curtailing the match until the following day, when Brough reaffirmed her eminence by winning three straight games. During the violent strom, a bolt of lightning had toopled on of the concrete gurdian eagles from the upper reaches of the stadium. "It may have been an omem that times were changing," Althea recalled. Born August 25, 1927, in Silver, SC, Gibson,a right-hander, grew up in harlem. Her family was poor, but she was forunate in coming to the attention of Dr. Walter Johson, aLynchburg, VA, physician who was active in the black tennis community. He became her patron, as he would later be for Athur Ashe, the black champion at Forest Hills (1968) and Wimbledon (1975). Through Dr. Johnson, Gibson received better instruction and competition, and contacts were set up with the USTA to inject her into the recognized tennis scene. Tall (5-foot-11), strong and extremely athletic, she would have come to prominence earlier, but for segregation. She was 23 when she first played at Forest Hills, and 30 when she won her first of two successive U.S. Championships, in 1957. During the two years she won Wimbledon, 1957 and 1958, she was ranked No. 1, in the U.S. and the world. She was never completely at ease in amateur tennis for she realized that, despite her success, she was still unwelcome at some clubs where important touraments were played. She was ranked No. 9 in 1952, her first of six inclusions in the U.S. Top Ten. A mark of generalacceptance, however, was her 1957 selection to represent the U.S. Top Ten . A mark of general acceptance, however, was her 1957 selection to represent the U.S. on the Wightman Cup team against Britain. She played two years, winning three of four singles, and two of two doubles. Gibson was a big hitter with an awesome serve. She liuked to attack, but developed consistency at the baseline evetually, and won the French--the first major for a black (over Angela Mortimer, 6-0, 12-10)--and Italian Singles Championmships on slow clay in 1956. In all, Gibson won 11 major titles in singles and doubles. Aftersix years of trying at Forest Hills, she seemed ready to win in 1956, when she reached the final. But she appeared overanxious and lost to the steadier Shirley Fry, 6-3, 6-4. A year later Gibson was solidly in control , beating Darlene Hard, 6-3, 6-2, to to take Wimbledon and follow up with a 6-3, 6-2 triumph over Louise Brough in the Forest Hills final to at last rule hert own country. It was in doubles that Gibson accomplished the first Wimbledon championship by a black, in 1956 alonside Englishwoman Angela Buxton. After winning Forest Hills for a second time in 1958, Althea turned pro. She play a series of head-to-head matches in 1960 against Karol Fageros, who had been ranked No. 8 in the U.S.Their tour was played in conjunction with the Harlem Globetrotters, the matches staged on basketball courts prior to Trotter games. Gibson won 114 of 118matches. She said she earned over $100,000 in one year as her share of the gate,m but there was no professional game in tennis for women then, and she turned to the pro goft tour for a fwe years. She showed an aptitude for that game, but was too late in starting. Althea tried to play a few pro tennis events after opentennis began in 1968, but was too old. She was married briefly to W.A.Darben, and worked as a tennis teaching pro after ceasing competition. She was inducted into Hall of Fame in 1971.

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Black History Month

Ida B. Wells Barnett Journalist (1864-1931) Ida B. Wells was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, months before or after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. She was the oldest of eight children. When her parents died in 1880 as a result of a yellow fever plague in Holly Springs, Wells took it upon herself to become a teacher in Holly Springs in order to support her younger siblings. In spite of hardship, Wells was able to complete her studies at Rust College and in 1888 became a teacher in Memphis, Tennessee. While living in Memphis, Wells became an editor and co-owner of a local black newspaper called “The Free Speech and Headlight.” She wrote her editorials under the pen-name “Lola.” When a respected black store owner and friend of Barnett was lynched in 1892, Wells used her paper to attack the evils of lynching and encouraged the black townsmen of Memphis to go west. While attending an editor’s convention in New York, Wells received word not to return to Memphis because her life would be in danger. Wells took her cause to England to gain support and earned a reputation as a fiery orator and courageous leader of her people. Upon returning to the United States, she settled in Chicago and formed the Women’s Era Club, the first civic organization for African American women. The name was later changed to the Ida B. Wells Club in honor of its founder. She never forgot her crusade against lynching, and, in 1895 Wells published “A Red Record,” which recorded race lynching in America. In June of 1895, she married Ferdinand Barnett, a prominent Chicago attorney. Wells-Barnett kept active until the birth of her second son, Herman. She resigned as president of the Ida B. Wells Club and devoted her time to raising her two young sons and subsequently her two daughters. However, by the start of the 20th century the racial strife in the country was disturbing. Lynching and race riots abounded across the nation. In 1909, Barnett was asked to be a member of the “Committee of 40.” This committee established the groundwork for the organization now known as the NAACP, the oldest civil rights organization in the country. Wells-Barnett continued her tireless crusade for equal rights for African-Americans until her death in 1931.

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Black History Month

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad conductor, liberator (1820-1913) Harriet Tubman was an African American whose daring rescues helped hundreds of slaves escape to freedom. She became the most famous leader of the Under-ground Railroad, which aided slaves fleeing to the free states or to Canada, Blacks called her Moses, after the Biblical figure who led the Jews from Egypt. Tubman was born a slave in Bucktown, Maryland, near Cambridge. Her name was Araminta Ross, but as a child, she became known by her mother’s name, Harriet. Her father taught her a knowledge of the woods that later helped her in her rescue missions. When Harriet was 13, she interfered with a supervisor to save another slave from punishment. The enraged supervisor fractured Harriet’s skull with a 2-pound (0.9-kilogram) weight. She recovered but suffered blackouts for the rest of her life. She married John Tubman, a freed slave, in 1844. Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery in 1849 and went to Philadelphia via the Underground Railroad, without her husband. She then vowed to return to Maryland and helped other slaves escape. On one rescue mission, she sensed that pursuers were close behind, so she and the fugitives got on a southbound train to avoid suspicion. On another mission, Tubman had just bought some live chickens in Bucktown when she saw her former master walking towards her. She quickly let the chickens go and chased after them before he could recognize her. In 1857, Tubman led her parents to freedom in Auburn, New York. Tubman never was caught and never lost a slave on any of her 19 rescue trips, She carried a gun and abolitionist John Browns, who told her of his plan to free the slaves. She considered Brown the true liberator of her race. Soon afterward, Tubman also became active in the women’s rights movement. In the Civil War (1861-1865), Tubman served as a nurse, scout, and spy for the union Army in South Carolina. During one military campaign, she helped free more than 750 slaves. After the war, Tubman returned to Auburn, where she helped raise money for black schools. HARRIET TUBMAN The Moses of Her People: “Dead niggers tell no tales. You go on or die!”

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Black History Month

Jan E. Matzeliger Inventor (1852-1889) Born in Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, Matzeliger found employment in the government machine works at the age of ten. Eight years later he immigrated to the United States, settling in Philadelphia where he worked in a shoe factory. He later moved to New England, settling permanently in Lynn, Massachusetts. The Industrial Revolution had by this time brought the invention of machines to cut, sew, and tack shoes, but none had been perfected to last a shoe. Matzeliger lost little time in designing and patenting just such a device, which he refined over the years so that it could adjust a shoe, arrange the leather over the sole, drive in the nails, and deliver the finished product all in one minute’s time. Sydney W. Winslow, who established the United States Shoe Machine Company, subsequently bought Matzeliger’s patent. The continued success of this business resulted in a 50 percent reduction in the price of shoes across the nation, doubled the wages, and improved working conditions for millions of people dependent on the shoe industry for their livelihood. Between 1883 and 1891, Matzeliger received five patents on his inventions, all of which contributed to the shoe-making revolution. His last patent was issued in September 1891, two years after his death.

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Black History Month

Black History Month starts today! So, to honor those that came before me and, paved the way for someone like me to do what I do and more…I’d like to present to you…here on day one: from (February 1, 2011 to February 28, 2011)

Josephine Baker Actor, dancer (1906-1975) From the start, Josephine Baker was a survivor. Far from the glitter and gaiety that characterized her beloved Paris, Baker’s beginnings were harsh a difficult. Born in the slums of St. Louis, Baker grew up sleeping in cardboard shelters and scavenging for food in garbage cans. At age 13, Baker left her parents’ house and got a job as a waitress. Soon afterwards, she married Willie Wells. However, the marriage ended in divorce, and she returned to waitressing. She then joined a group of performers, the Jones Family Band, and had her stage debut at the Booker T. Washington Theater, a black vaudeville house in St. Louis. By age 18, she was out of Missouri, had been discovered in New York and was performing with numerous troupes in various stage productions. Some of these productions included the Folies-Bergeres, Ziegfeld Follies, and the famed le negre revue in Paris. In Le Negre Revue, Baker dance with a male partner, her costumes consisting of a skirt of feathers. It was in Parts that Baker’s transformation began. For a city that was bursting with the spirit and rhythm of jazz, Baker was a perfect match. She was an entertainer and dancer, known for her contortionist positions, striking ebony features, and goofy, cross-eyed faced. As she swung from a trapeze at the Folies-Bergeres or tossed flowers to her audience, Baker embodied the pain and emotion of the times. During the early 30s, Baker toured Eurape, recorded songs for Columbia Records, and starred in two film, Zou-Zou and Princesses Tam-Tam. In 1935, Baker returned to the United States searching for the success she had in France. However, American audiences were not ready for a black woman with the style, grace, and sophistication that Baker possessed. Before returning to France, Baker divorced her second husband, Willie Baker, who she had married in 1920. In 1937, she married Jean Lion, a French sugar broker, and became a French citizen. However, the marriage ended 14 months later. With the rise of Hitler, Europe experienced a transformation, which affected Baker in several ways. In Europe, split with hate and intolerance, Baker engaged in undercover work for the French Resistance during World War ll. She became an “honorable correspondent” and became sub-lieutenant in the Women’s Auxiliary of the French Air Force. In 1940, Baker moved to Morocco. In 1942, she toured the region performing for the resistance. She returned to France in 1944, got married in 1947 to Jo Bouillon, and orchestra leader, and was back in the States in 1948, where she became an activist for civil rights. Baker was back in France in 1954, with the intention of raising a family of ethnically diverse children that she had brought to France from her tours around the world. She called them her “Rainbow Tribe.” In her last years, Baker suffered struggles, financial difficulties, and poor health. In 1973, she married Robert Brady, an American artist. She died on April 12, 1975, four days after the opening of Josephine; a show based on her life. Her funeral took place in her beloved France, the country that she had adopted as her home. Although Baker’s life was full of struggles to overcome the difficulties and limitations, she lived her life passionately. She had four spouses, adoring audiences and she closely related with celebrities such as Grace Kelly or Maurice Chevalier and important politicians such as de Gaulle, Castro, Mussolini. Many years after her death, Josephine Baker’s charm, vivacity, and captivation live on and so does her legend.